Simulating in situ ammonia volatilization losses in the North China Plain using a dynamic soil‐crop model

Ammonia (NH₃) volatilization is an important N loss pathway in intensive agriculture of the North China Plain (NCP). Simulation models can help to assess complex N and water processes of agricultural soil–crop systems. Four variations (Var) of a sub‐module for the deterministic, process‐based HERMES model were implemented ranging from simple empirical functions (Var 3 and 4) to process‐oriented approaches (Var 1 and 2) including the main processes of NH₃ volatilization, urea hydrolysis, nitrification from ammonium‐based N fertilizer, and changes in soil solution pH. Ammonia volatilization, plant growth, and changes in ammonium and nitrate pools in the soil over several winter wheat–summer maize double‐crop rotations at three locations in the NCP were simulated. Results were calibrated with two data sets (Dongbeiwang 1, Shunyi) and validated using two data sets (Dongbeiwang 2, Quzhou). They showed that the ammonia volatilization sub‐module of the HERMES model worked well under the climatic and soil conditions of N China. Although the simpler equations, Var 3 and 4, showed lower deviations to observed volatilization across all sites and treatments with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.8 and 1.4 in % of applied N, respectively, compared to process‐oriented approaches, Var 1 and 2, with a MAE of 2.2 and 1.9 in % of applied N, respectively. Environmental conditions were reflected better by the process‐oriented approaches. Generally, simulation results were satisfying but simulated changes in topsoil pH need further verification with measurements.     

天津市农田氮肥施用氨排放量估算及分布特征分析

氮素是作物生长的必要营养元素,氮肥施用过程中,会导致氨的挥发,而氨是形成可吸入颗粒物的重要前体物,为了解天津市农田氮肥施用过程中氨的排放,为天津市空气污染治理提供技术支撑,通过获取天津市不同农作物的不同氮肥种类施用量,依据国家环保部推荐的排放因子法和天津市的年均温度,对天津市农田氮肥施用过程中氨的排放量进行了估算和时空分布特征分析。结果表明,2014年天津市农田氮肥施用氨排放量为17 999.91 t,排放强度为3.27 t·km-2;从氮肥种类上看,尿素是最大排放源,贡献率为83.13%,其次是碳铵(13.83%),其他氮肥占比为3.04%;从农作物类型上看,蔬菜是最大的排放源,贡献率为38.91%,其次是玉米(29.43%)和小麦(19.66%),其他作物占比为12.00%。氨的排放系数具有明显的时间特征:中午高,夜间低;8月份最高,1月份最低。在各区县中,武清区氨排放量最大,贡献率为27.06%;津南区氨排放量最小,贡献率为1.14%;另外,宝坻区和蓟县的氨排放量也较高,贡献率分别为20.71%、17.86%。氨具有较强的空间分布差异性,在有氮肥施用的农田排放较高,其他区域排放较低。因此在控制天津市农田氮肥施用氨排放中应加强对武清区、宝坻区、蓟县等区县6—8月份蔬菜种植过程中尿素的科学施用。农田氨的时空分布特征可为天津市空气污染的防治提供科学依据。     

农药多菌灵的迁移转化规律研究

通过高效液相色谱法测定多菌灵的含量,初步探讨其挥发、水解、光解、分配这几种迁移转化途径,为合理利用农药、治理及控制农药对土壤等生态环境的污染提供指导。结果表明:多菌灵挥发作用不明显;p H值对多菌灵水解作用有影响,p H值为12时其水解率最大,达到0.16%,但总体上降解也不明显。采用太阳光、紫外灯、高压汞灯3种光源对多菌灵进行光降解,其中无氧化基团的情况下,太阳光基本不促进多菌灵降解,紫外灯下光解率达到3.73%,高压汞灯下达到4.96%;在有氧化基团时,无光照条件下降解率达到11.65%,太阳光下达到23.15%,紫外灯下达到61.61%,高压汞灯下达到94.97%,降解速率大小表现为高压汞灯紫外灯太阳光无光照,高于无氧化基团情况下的光降解。多菌灵的吸附率与土壤及腐植酸的含量呈正相关,在设置试验条件下分别可达到10.11%和90.89%。因此,光降解和土壤分配作用是多菌灵迁移转化的2种主要途径。     

高负荷活性污泥法对生活污水的处理效果

[目的]探究高负荷活性污泥法与短程硝化和TN去除率之间的关系。[方法]采用A/O小试装置处理低C/N实际生活污水,将水力停留时间(HRT)降低至7.00和3.50 h,考察该方法对生活污水中氮的去除效果。[结果]在低HRT高负荷工况下,DO需要高达3.00 mg/L才能将NH_4~+-N完全去除。低HRT对于亚硝化率有一定影响,但进水NH_4~+-N浓度仍是影响亚硝化率的主要因素。在一定范围内,较低的NH_4~+-N去除率对TN去除没有影响。COD的去除不受低HRT影响。在高COD负荷下,提高DO浓度可以预防污泥膨胀,但会降低TN的去除率。[结论]低HRT对亚硝化率有一定影响,但影响亚硝化率最主要的因素是NH_4~+-N浓度。     

Effects of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) straw and its biochar application on NH3 volatilization and N use efficiency in a drip-irrigated cotton field

Reducing ammonia (NH₃) volatilization is a practical way to increase nitrogen (N) fertilizer use efficiency (NUE). In this field study, soil was amended once with either cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) straw (6 t ha^?1) or its biochar (3.7 t ha^?1) unfertilized (0 kg N ha^?1) or fertilized (450 kg N ha^?1), and then soil inorganic N concentration and distribution, NH₃ volatilization, cotton yield and NUE were measured during the next two growing seasons. In unfertilized plots, NH₃ volatilization losses in the straw-amended and biochar-amended treatments were 38–40% and 42–46%, respectively, less than that in control (i.e., unamended soil) during the two growing seasons. In the fertilized plots, NH₃ volatilization losses in the straw-amended and biochar-amended treatments were 30–39% and 43–54%, respectively, less than that in the control. Straw amendment increased inorganic N concentrations, cotton yield, cotton N uptake and NUE during the first cropping season after application, but not during the second. In contrast, biochar increased cotton N uptake and NUE during both the first and the second cropping seasons after application. Furthermore, the effects of biochar on cotton N uptake and NUE were greater in the second year than in the first year. These results indicate that cotton straw and cotton straw biochar can both reduce NH₃ volatilization and also increase cotton yield, N uptake and NUE. In addition, the positive effects of one application of cotton straw biochar were more long-lasting than those of cotton straw.     

含DMPP抑制剂尿素的氨挥发特性及阻控对策研究

采用原状土柱模拟方法,探讨了施肥水平、添加不同碳氮比（C／N）有机物、不同类型土壤、土壤水分含量及温度对含3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（3,4－dimethyl pyrazole phosphate,DMPP）硝化抑制剂的尿素（DMPP尿素）氨挥发损失的影响。结果表明,施肥水平对DMPP尿素的氨挥发损失有显著影响,随着DMPP尿素施用量的增加,土壤氨挥发损失量呈显著上升的趋势;DMPP尿素配施低C／N比的有机物鸡粪,氨挥发损失增加6．0％;而配施高C／N比的生物秸秆,则表现为可抑制78．2％的氨挥发损失;DMPP尿素的氨挥发损失受土壤理化性质影响很大,在肥力高的碱性土壤中氨挥发损失严重,而在酸性红壤和阳离子交换量高的青紫泥中挥发损失量较低;在土壤含水量为田间饱和持水量时,氨挥发损失表现为急剧增加;随着土壤温度的升高,氨挥发损失的量快速递增。合理控制施肥量、选择配施高C／N比的生物秸秆和适宜的水分管理方式是减少农田氨挥发损失的重要对策。     

鸡粪施入农田土壤的氨挥发研究

在北京海淀区东北旺乡利用风洞法氨挥发测定系统,研究了不同施肥方式、施肥量和添加剂对鸡粪在农田施用过程中氨挥发的影响。结果表明,施肥方式显著影响鸡粪氨挥发,试验期间在田间裸地24000kg·hm^-2施肥量下,表施的累积氨挥发氮损失为19．8％,而表施后立即深翻5-9cm,氨挥发损失为3．3％;不同施肥量下,24000kg·hm^-2之比12000kg·hm^-2和8000kg·hm^-2的氨挥发损失分别减少2．1％和4．9％,但统计差异不显著;锯末对鸡粪氨挥发没有起到抑制作用,未添加锯末处理的氨挥发损失为19．5％,而添加锯末处理的氨挥发损失为21．1％;过磷酸钙对鸡粪氨挥发抑制效果显著,未添加过磷酸钙处理的氨挥发损失为31．8％,而添加过磷酸钙处理的氨挥发损失为21．9％,比未添加降低了31．1％。     

十二烷基苯磺酸钠对乐果在水-气界面挥发动力学的影响研究

以有机磷农药乐果为研究对象,研究了不同浓度的阴离子型表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）存在时,乐果在水一气界面的挥发行为,以进一步认识农药的迁移转化规律,为复合污染水体中表面活性剂对有机物挥发的影响提供理论依据。研究结果表明：在试验条件下,乐果水溶液在水-气界面的恒温挥发过程符合一级动力学,并且其挥发行为受到表面活性剂的影响作用显著。不同浓度的表面活性剂对乐果挥发的影响不同,与未加入表面活性剂时乐果的挥发情况相比,当加入的SDBS浓度小于临界胶束浓度（CMC）时对乐果的挥发具有促进作用;当SDBS浓度超过CMC,乐果的挥发行为受到抑制,挥发速率开始变小。     

缓释复合肥料在不同pH值紫色土中氨挥发特性（简报）

采用“通气法”室内培养试验,研究了非包膜缓释复合肥（SRF）施入不同pH值紫色土壤后的氨挥发损失状况和动力学特性。结果表明,土壤pH值对SRF氨挥发有极显著影响,随着土壤pH值升高,氨的挥发损失增加,以石灰性紫色土＞中性紫色土＞酸性紫色土。与大粒尿素（PUR）相比,SRF的氨挥发速率和损失量显著降低。在石灰性紫色土中SRF氨挥发分别减少14.2%和7.18%,中性紫色土中SRF氨挥发分别减少32.3%和24.1%,酸性紫色土中SRF氨挥发分别减少76.8%和10.7%。3种紫色土中,SRF的氨挥发动力学特性可用一级动力学方程、E1ovich方程和抛物线扩散方程定量描述,根据这些模型可在给定时间内预测SRF的氨挥发量。SRF能大大减少在不同pH值土壤中因施肥造成的氮肥损失,从而减轻对环境的污染。     

施氮量对稻季氨挥发特点与氮素利用的影响

 在砂土和黏土两种土壤类型上,研究了施氮量对田面水NH4+ N浓度、氨挥发损失量、水稻产量、氮肥利用效率和土壤剖面氮素含量的影响。施氮后田面水NH4+ N浓度和氨挥发量都随着施氮量的增加而增加,且在施氮后1~3 d达到峰值,黏土要低于砂土;氨挥发损失量为分蘖肥时期＞倒4叶穗肥期＞基肥时期＞倒2叶穗肥期;黏土上稻季氨挥发总损失量为10.49~87.06 kg/hm2,占施氮量的10.92％~21.76％;砂土上稻季氨挥发总损失量为11.32~102.43 kg/hm2,占施氮量的11.32％~25.61％;施氮后氨挥发峰值和田面水铵态氮峰值同步出现,以分蘖肥时期最大,两者比值范围为23.76％~3365％;随着施氮量的增加,水稻产量增加,氮素积累量也增加,而氮肥利用效率降低;黏土上的水稻产量和氮素积累量要略高于砂土上的;土壤氮素含量在土壤深度40~50 cm处最低,相应各层土壤氮素含量随着施氮量的增加而提高,黏土要高于砂土。从氨挥发损失的角度来看,当施氮量超过250 kg/hm2时,氨挥发损失总量将跃增; 而从水稻获得高产的角度来看,施氮量应为300 kg/hm2左右,因此,试验条件下水稻高产且环境安全的适宜施氮量为250~300 kg/hm2。